Palmitate retinol is the main form of vitamin A naturally present in the skin, yet external factors such as sun exposure can cause epidermal deficiencies, making topical application essential. When applied to the skin, vitamin A helps normalize keratinization and regulate the growth and differentiation of epithelial cells, ensuring healthy renewal of the epidermis. It further stimulates the synthesis of collagen and hyaluronic acid, key components for firmness and hydration, while also supporting cellular turnover and resilience. In addition, vitamin A contributes to controlling cutaneous bacterial flora and absorbs ultraviolet radiation, thereby protecting cellular structures from oxidative stress and preventing long-term damage.
nPhytosphingosine is a nanoencapsulated phytosphingosine delivery system developed for veterinary skin and coat applications. Its lipid nanoparticles enhance penetration into the skin and fur while providing gradual release and prolonged
nMelaleuca uses nanoencapsulation to deliver tea tree essential oil in lipid nanoparticles averaging 200 nm in size. This system improves stability, reduces volatility, and enhances skin penetration while providing a
nVitamin E delivers tocopheryl acetate encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles, enhancing stability, absorption, and skin compatibility. Naturally present in the skin, vitamin E levels decline under oxidative stress caused by UV