Tranexamic acid has functional skin lightening activity in the treatment of melasma, as it can inhibit melanin synthesis by blocking the plasminogen/plasmin pathway, thereby preventing the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes. Additionally, it can promote skin exfoliation, leading to the regeneration of epidermal and dermal tissues and the reduction of pigmentary discolorations. Tranexamic has an average size of 200 nm, allowing for a more gradual and prolonged release of the encapsulated active ingredient, reducing skin irritability.
DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol) delivers visible lifting, brightness, and wrinkle reduction while improving the appearance of fine lines and dark circles. Encapsulation in nano-micelles sized 10–50 nm enhances skin penetration and provides
Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs) are naturally occurring organic acids that treat age spots, acne, melasma, and skin aging. nAHAS combines glycolic, malic, citric, and lactic acids inside 200 nm nanoparticles.
nNeem contains nanoencapsulated neem oil recommended for insect and ectoparasite repellency. Neem oil comes from the seeds of the Azadirachta indica tree. It is rich in fatty acids such as