Tranexamic acid has functional skin lightening activity in the treatment of melasma, as it can inhibit melanin synthesis by blocking the plasminogen/plasmin pathway, thereby preventing the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes. Additionally, it can promote skin exfoliation, leading to the regeneration of epidermal and dermal tissues and the reduction of pigmentary discolorations. Tranexamic has an average size of 200 nm, allowing for a more gradual and prolonged release of the encapsulated active ingredient, reducing skin irritability.
nPhytosphingosine contains phytosphingosine encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles averaging 200 nm. This size improves penetration into the animal’s skin and fur and ensures gradual release. After application, the nanoparticles form an
nKojic contains nanoencapsulated kojic acid, which protects the active ingredient from degradation and improves both stability and effectiveness. Kojic acid is a powerful depigmenting agent that works by inhibiting tyrosinase,
Topical application of vitamin E is extremely beneficial for protecting the skin against oxidative damage caused by free radicals and everyday external agents. Due to its ability to neutralize free