nCalendula combines calendula oil and shea butter inside lipid nanoparticles with an average size of 200 nm. Calendula oil comes from Calendula officinalis flowers and delivers anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, and emollient effects. It also heals wounds, soothes burns, and repairs skin cracks. Shea butter works as a rich emollient with anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. The nanometric size improves penetration into skin and animal fur, enhancing effectiveness. It also forms a protective, moisturizing layer at the application site.
nNiacinamide delivers nanoencapsulated vitamin B3 (niacinamide) for stronger stability, penetration, and performance. This active improves hyperpigmented spots, reduces redness, controls oiliness, and minimizes pore size. It also smooths surface texture,
nNeem contains nanoencapsulated neem oil recommended for insect and ectoparasite repellency. Neem oil comes from the seeds of the Azadirachta indica tree. It is rich in fatty acids such as
Tranexamic acid has functional skin lightening activity in the treatment of melasma, as it can inhibit melanin synthesis by blocking the plasminogen/plasmin pathway, thereby preventing the interaction between melanocytes and